Linux를 가끔 쓰는데, 그 때마다 매번 하는 일이 바로 커맨드 찾기.커맨드 이름은 아는데 기능이 기억이 안 나거나, 기능은 기억하는데 이름을 모르거나,
아니면 둘 다 몰라서 스크립트 짜다가 다 짜고 나서 커맨드의 존재를 알게 되거나..
Ted's Slackware 12.2 command reference.
Ted Felix (www.tedfelix.com)
April 2009
Help
man
Online manual. Try "man mount" to get the manual page for the mount
command. Also try "man 1 intro" to see the introduction for section
1 of the manual. See info.
info
Like man, an online manual. Just type info to find out what's
available. Sometimes the "info" manual (if it exists) is better than
the "man" manual so always try both. A good example is "info grep"
which is far more detailed than "man grep".
whatis
Search for a one-line description of a command. Gives the title
from the man page. See apropos.
apropos
Searches the whatis database on both command name and man page
title. Use this if you aren't sure of the command name. Try
"apropos MSDOS". See whatis.
help (bash)
Similar to man and info, but gives help on a bash built-in
command. Try "help", "help cd", and "help for".
man2html
If you get sick of man, grab the man page from /usr/man,
"gzip -d" it, then run man2html on it and view it in html. Good for
really huge man files like gcc's.
xman (X)
A GUI version of man. A bit clunky, but it works. Good for browsing
entire sections of the manual.
slackbook (Slackware)
A great intro to Slackware found on CD #1.
Getting Started
passwd
Change your password.
adduser (Slackware)
Interactive add user script. Uses "useradd" to do its work. Takes
into account unique user needs for Slackware. Found in /usr/sbin.
Always create a new user and log in as them. *Never* work as root.
See sudo.
exit
Logs you out. Ctrl-D works too.
sudo
Run a command as root. To power off the computer: "sudo /sbin/poweroff".
For sudo to work, you must add yourself to "/etc/sudoers"
(e.g. "userid ALL = ALL"). man sudoers for more. See sudoedit.
sudoedit
Edit a file as root. Uses the editor in your EDITOR environment
variable. Allows editing of files owned by root when you aren't root.
See sudo.
poweroff
Powers the computer off. Found in /sbin. Can only be run as root, so
use sudo: "sudo /sbin/poweroff". See shutdown and sudo.
reboot
Reboots the computer. Found in /sbin. Can only be run as root, so
use sudo: "sudo /sbin/reboot". See shutdown and sudo.
shutdown
Shutdown or reboot the computer. To turn the computer off:
sudo /sbin/shutdown -h now
To reboot:
sudo /sbin/shutdown -r now
xorgsetup (Slackware)
Configures X for your video card and monitor. Run it once each time
you change video hardware or when you first install Linux/X. It in
turn invokes "Xorg -configure" to do most of its work. See startx
and xorgconfig.
startx
Brings up X. Be sure to run xorgsetup first or else X will not take
full advantage of your video card and monitor.
whereis
Searches a list of typical system directories (e.g. /bin, /sbin,
/etc, ...) for a filename. "whereis libm" will find the math library.
"whereis ls" will find the location of the ls command. This is useful
when you are trying to run administrator commands as a regular user.
Regular users do not usually have /sbin in their paths, so this:
"sudo shutdown" will generally fail. "whereis shutdown" tells you
that shutdown is in /sbin. So "sudo /sbin/shutdown" will work.
See "which" and "slocate".
chsh
Change your login shell. (If you prefer csh, ksh, zsh, or something
else.)
Alt-Ctrl-F1, Alt-Ctrl-F2, Alt-Ctrl-F3...
Switches between pseudo-terminals. Note that you can also switch with
just Alt-F1, Alt-F2, etc... However, when in X, Alt and Ctrl are
required.
File Utilities (simple)
mc
Midnight Commander. Console file manager.
pilot
Pilot. Console file manager.
ls
list files in a directory. Some useful options:
-l give details such as sizes and dates
-a show all files including hidden ones
-t sort by date/time
-r sort in reverse order
Try "ls -lrt". Also try "vdir".
tree
Like "ls", but shows the directory structure in a colored tree diagram.
cd
change to another directory
pwd
displays the current directory
mkdir
Make a directory.
mv
Move or rename files.
rename
Rename a batch of files based on a pattern.
cp
Copy files.
rm
Delete a file.
rmdir
Delete a directory that is empty.
cat
Copies a file to the display.
less
A file pager for displaying large files a page at a time. Better
than "more" as you can page up and down. Try "cat /etc/passwd | less"
or "ps aux | less".
most
Like less, but can split the view into multiple windows. Try "Ctrl-X 2".
more
A file pager. See "less".
pg
Another pager like less and more.
which
Finds a command's location in the path. See whereis and slocate.
type (bash)
tells you where a command will be run from. Similar to which, but
indicates whether the command is hashed or built-in.
Text Editors (Graphical, requiring X)
mousepad (X)
A text editor for X.
kwrite (X/KDE)
Includes code highlighting. Default KDE editor.
kedit (X/KDE)
Simplest KDE text editor. Fewer features than kwrite.
kate (X/KDE)
KDE's Advanced Text Editor. Like kwrite, but with many additional
features like a filesystem browser and a shell window.
xedit (X)
A very strange editor for X.
Text Editors (Console, easy to use)
nano
Uses Ctrl keys for functions. Function reminders always on bottom
of screen. Very easy to use.
pico
Use this if nano isn't available. This is like nano but with fewer
features.
joe
Remember WordStar? "Ctrl-K H" for help.
mcedit
Uses the F-keys for functions.
jed
While it has nice menus using the Alt key, the Delete, Home, and End
keys do not work. If they can be fixed (maybe with a proper
keymapping?) this would be a great editor.
Text Editors (Console, hard to use unless you know them)
emacs
The "Edit MACroS" editor.
jove
A version of emacs. "teachjove" will load up a tutorial on jove.
vi
The "VIsual editor". In Slackware this links to elvis.
elvis
A version of "vi".
vim
A version of "vi". VI iMproved. Try "vimtutor" which will help you
learn vi and vim.
evim
A slightly easier, modeless version of vim.
ed
A line editor like DOS's EDLIN.
X Applications
xlock
Lock the local display until a password is entered.
rclock
Clock with reminders (in ~/.rclock). Also try xclock and oclock.
spider
Solitaire.
xcalc
Calculator.
xneko
Cat chases mouse.
xterm
Console window.
xmag
Screen magnifier.
KDE Applications
kcalc
KDE calculator
kmix
KDE audio mixer.
kaudiocreator
KDE CD ripper.
khexedit
KDE GUI hex editor. See "bpe" for the console.
kturtle
KDE turtle programming language. Simpler than LOGO.
Miscellaneous
sc
Console spreadsheet application. Press ? for help.
mkpasswd
makes random passwords
factor
Prime factors.
shuf
Generate random permutations. Shuffle.
cal
Perpetual calendar.
gnuplot
Mathematical plotting program. At the "gnuplot>" prompt, try
"plot sin(x)".
hunt
A networked multi-player maze deathmatch game.
Audio Utilities
rexima
Text console mixer.
sox
Audio manipulation utility.
flac
FLAC codec. Lossless audio compression. Patent-free.
lame
MP3 codec. Due to patent issues, this usually needs to be downloaded
separately, built, and installed.
oggenc
Ogg Vorbis encoder. Ogg is similar to MP3 but without patent issues.
normalize
Normalizes audio files so that the loudest point is as loud as possible.
User Management
passwd
Change your password.
whoami
Displays your user id.
logname
Displays your user id.
su
Become root. To be safe, use "sudo" or "sudoedit" instead.
groups
Display groups you currently belong to.
id
Display user id, group id, and groups.
useradd
Add a user. See Slackware's adduser script.
gpasswd
Manage groups.
newgrp
Log in to a new group. See "sg".
sg
Run a command as member of another group.
groupadd
Add a group. Also check out groupdel and groupmod.
last
Show a list of login events. Note that the list is in reverse chrono
order, so the newest are at the top. "lastb" shows only the bad login
attempts.
users
Show users currently logged in. Also try "rusers".
who
Show users currently logged in along with some statistics. Also try
"rwho".
w
Show users currently logged in along with lots of statistics.
ac
Show user connect time.
lastlog
Displays the last login date/time for all users.
File Utilities (advanced)
chown
Change owner and group of a file.
chmod
Change permimssions on a file.
tail
Displays the end of a file. Use the -f option to follow a file as it
is being written to. Great for watching log files. See tailf.
tailf
Like "tail -f" but more efficient.
head
Displays the beginning of a file.
wc
Displays a line count, word count, and byte count for a file.
grep
Searches files for a string (e.g. "grep hello *.txt"). See rgrep.
rgrep
Searches a directory tree recursively for files containing a string.
To search all .c files recursively for "#define":
rgrep -R '*.c' '#define' .
See cscope.
replace (MySQL)
Replaces strings with other strings in a file or files. Global find
and replace. Use along with "find" if you need to recurse
subdirectories.
look
Performs a binary search on a sorted file for a value at the beginning
of each line.
gpg
OpenPGP encryption.
cmp
Binary file compare.
diff
Text file compare.
diff3
Three-way file compare.
sdiff
Shows a side-by-side diff of two files.
merge
Automatic three-way merge.
comm
Compare sorted files.
find
Finds files in a directory hierarchy. To find all the .txt files
starting in the current directory ("."):
find . -name '*.txt'
See slocate. find can also be used to recurse subdirectories and run a
command:
find . -name '*.c' -exec ls -l {} \;
This gives any command the ability to recurse subdirectories.
See rgrep.
slocate
Finds files in the filesystem using a database for fast searching.
Have to do a "sudo slocate -u" to build the database at first.
See find, updatedb, which, and whereis.
ln
Make hard or symbolic links between files.
link
Makes a hard link between files.
lndir (X)
Makes symbolic links to an entire directory worth of files.
rev
Reverse the lines in a file. See tac.
tac
Display the lines in a file in reverse. (Get it? "tac" is "cat"
spelled backwards.) See rev.
sort
Sort the lines in a file.
uniq
Eliminate dupes in a file. File must be sorted for this to work.
See sort.
split
Split a file into pieces. Useful for getting a large file on multiple
floppy disks or CDs.
tar
Gathers files into an archive. Similar to the ubiquitous ".zip" files
but not compatible.
bzip2
Compresses a file to save space. Use with tar.
unzip
Work with ".zip" files. Use "zip" to make .zip files.
tee
Pipe standard input to standard output and to a file at the same time.
touch
Change a file's date/time.
lsof
List open files and statistics for each.
File Hacking Commands
file
Attempts to identify a file's type (e.g. JPEG image, MP3 audio) by
examining its contents.
xxd
Hex dump. Includes ASCII. This can also convert back from a hexdump
to a binary file. It can create C code with the -i option and display
EBCDIC with the -E option.
hexdump
Dumps a file in hex to the display. Try the -C option for hex and ASCII.
od
Octal dump. Can also dump in hex:
od -Ax -x /etc/motd
Can also include ASCII chars:
od -Ax -x -c /etc/motd
See hexdump.
strings
Shows things that resemble strings in a file. Use for hacking binaries.
bpe
Console hex editor. See khexedit for KDE.
X Window System Utilities
xwmconfig
Switch window managers (e.g. KDE, Xfce, GNOME, ...)
xorgconfig
Configure X for your video card and monitor. Use this only of xorgsetup
doesn't work.
xdpyinfo
Displays lots of X related info.
Networking Utilities
netconfig (Slackware)
Slackware script to configure Internet access.
ifconfig
Configure Ethernet interfaces.
nmap
Port scanning tool to make sure your firewall is working.
"nmap localhost" to scan the local machine.
zenmap
GUI for nmap.
iptraf
IP Traffic monitor. Packet sniffer.
netwatch
IP monitor. Packet sniffer.
tcpdump
Dump traffic on a network. Packet sniffer.
dig
DNS lookup.
host
DNS lookup.
nslookup
DNS lookup.
ftp
File transfer protocol. Transfers files between computers. Also try
gftp (X GUI), lftp, ncftp, and sftp (secure ftp).
wget
Website capture utility. Some websites deny access to wget.
Use the -U=AGENT option to get around this.
ssh
Secure shell. Connect to a shell prompt on another machine. Like
telnet, but encrypted.
screen
Gives you virtual terminals over a single telnet connection. Does
this work with ssh?
gkrellm
GNU Krell Monitors. System monitor. Monitors CPU, Processes, Disk
usage, Memory, Network, etc...
traceroute
Show the routers along the way to a host. (traceroute6 supports IPv6)
tracepath
Similar to traceroute. (tracepath6 supports IPv6)
iptables
Firewall and NAT (Internet connection sharing) utility.
netstat
Displays various network information.
socklist
Displays a list of open sockets. Also try "ss -a".
Device Utilities
cfdisk
Disk partition table manipulator. Also try fdisk and sfdisk.
parted
Partition manipulation program. Can create, delete, resize, and copy
partitions.
volname
Returns the volume name (label) of a device.
smartctl
The SMART (IDE hard drive diagnostics) utility. "smartctl -a /dev/hda3"
gives all the info on hda3. Use mount to figure out what device to
check.
df
Shows how much space is free on your hard drives.
du
Shows how much disk space is used by a directory and its subdirectories.
To see just a usage summary for each file and directory:
du -sh .* *
The "h" option gives human readable sizes and the .* gets hidden files.
du -s * | sort -n
for a nice sorted version.
fsck
Check a filesystem for errors and fix them. Like the old DOS CHKDSK.
stat
Gives lots of information about a file.
mount
Mount a device on the filesystem. Without parameters, mount shows the
mounted devices.
umount
Unmount a device.
cdparanoia
Audio CD reading program. Try on a bad CD and it should indicate where
the problems are. (Older version is called cd-paranoia.)
dfutool
Device Firmware Upgrade tool.
dd
Copy from one file or device to another.
"dd if=/dev/fd0 of=floppy.img" copies an entire floppy to a file.
diskcopy
Floppy disk copy script. Uses "dd" to do the copy.
fdformat
Format a floppy disk. This is a low-level format. It will not put an
MSDOS filesystem (or any other kind) on the floppy.
gkrellm (X)
GNU Krell Monitors. System monitor. Monitors CPU, Processes, Disk
usage, Memory, Network, etc...
iostat
CPU and Device statistics
inotifywait
Waits for changes to a file then quits.
inotifywatch
Collects statistics on accesses to a file.
lsdev
Displays device information like port addresses and IRQs.
lshal
Displays HAL devices. Try "lshal | grep info.product".
systool
Displays system device info.
mpstat
Display CPU statistics.
procinfo
Displays system status info.
sync
Flush filesystem buffers (disk cache).
lspci
List all PCI devices.
Process Utilities
& (bash)
Place this at the end of a command line to run the command in the
background. E.g. when in KDE: "kwrite readme.txt &"
Ctrl-Z bg (bash)
If you forget the "&" at the end of your command line, you can press
Ctrl-Z to suspend the process, then enter the "bg" command to continue
the process in the background.
ps
Shows running processes. "ps aux" for all the processes. "ps ux" for
just yours.
pgrep
Find a process by name. E.g. "pgrep -l syslogd"
top
Shows processes that are using the most CPU in real-time.
pstree
Shows processes in a tree structure.
nice
Runs a command at low priority to be nice to other users. Also try
"renice".
nohup
Run a command immune to disconnects (hangup signals, SIGHUP).
killall
Kill a process or processes by command name. "killall syslogd" kills
the system logging daemon.
kill
Kill a process or just send it a signal. "kill -l" to see a list
of signals and their values.
pkill
Similar to killall but slightly more dangerous as it does a
substring search rather than a whole word search. So "pkill acpid"
will kill the process named "acpid" but it will also kill the
process named "kacpid". To avoid this, use ^ and $ like this:
pkill ^acpid$
See pgrep.
System Utilities
date
Display or set the date and time.
env
Display or modify the environment. Try printenv too.
free
Displays memory usage.
gkrellm (X)
GNU Krell Monitors. System monitor. Monitors CPU, Processes, Disk
usage, Memory, Network, etc... Requires X.
tload
Console system load graph. Numbers at top are load averages. See
uptime for more.
xload (X)
Load histogram like tload, but for X.
slabtop
Some sort of memory monitor. Press "q" to quit.
taskset
Retrieve or set a process's CPU affinity (which CPU the process will run
on).
uptime
Displays system uptime and other info. Also try "ruptime".
uname
Prints various system information. Try "uname -a" to see everything.
vmstat
Show virtual memory statistics.
at
Schedule a job for later execution.
dmesg
Displays the messages from the last boot.
watch
Runs a command every two seconds. Try "watch ps".
sysctl
Display and change kernel parameters.
pkgtool (Slackware)
Slackware's package management tool. Use this to view, install, and
remove packages. Also check out the other Slackware package tools:
installpkg, removepkg, upgradepkg, explodepkg, and makepkg.
Kernel Utilities
lsmod
List the loaded kernel modules.
modinfo
Display information about a kernel module. Try "modinfo button".
modprobe
Insert and remove kernel modules with dependency checking.
insmod, rmmod
Insert and remove modules without dependency checking. Use modprobe
instead of these in most cases.
Shell Programming
echo
Display something on the screen.
echo 'Hello World!'
printf
Display something on the screen like C's printf. A more powerful echo.
printf "Hello %x\n" 256
dialog
A nice text pop-up dialog routine for scripts.
dialog --msgbox "Mount the USB Key." 6 30
xmessage (X)
X pop-up dialog.
xmessage 'Shall we play a game?'
dirname
Returns the directory portion of a full pathname. Try
dirname /usr/bin/foo
In bash scripts it's faster to do this:
pathname=/usr/bin/foo
echo ${pathname%/*}
basename
Returns the filename portion of a full pathname. Try
basename /usr/bin/foo.c
In bash scripts it's faster to do this:
pathname=/usr/bin/foo.c
echo ${pathname##*/}
line
Copies a single line from stdin to stdout. Try
name=$(line)
or
name=`line`
to get a line from the user.
logger
Sends messages to the message log.
mktemp
Make a temporary filename.
tempfile
Make a temporary file.
ncftp*
Script oriented ftp commands. ncftpget, ncftpls, etc... Try
"apropos ncftp" to see them all.
sed
Stream editor. Performs various transformations on files. Try:
sed 's/the/bluefoot/' file
to replace every "the" with "bluefoot" in "file".
seq
Generates a sequence of numbers.
sleep
Delays for a number of seconds.
xargs
Run a command using each line of a file as the arguments for each run.
getopt
Helps process command line options to a script. bash also has a
built-in "getopts" command that can be used for this as well.
Programming
g++
C++ compiler.
gcc
C compiler.
gcj
Java compiler.
clisp
Common LISP compiler.
gfortran
FORTRAN compiler.
gnat
Ada compiler.
as
The portable GNU assembler.
ld
The GNU link editor.
nasm
The Netwide Assembler.
ndisasm
Disassembler.
p2cc
Pascal compiler.
perl
PERL language.
python
Python Programming Language
ruby
Ruby scripting language.
slsh
S-Lang script interpreter.
make
Builds only what needs to be built when changes are made to source code.
strace
Shows what system calls are being made by a program. Try
"strace cat /dev/null".
strace-graph
Processes the output of "strace -f" and displays a fork graph.
time
A very crude profiler.
c++filt
C++ name demangler.
demangle
C++ name demangler.
nm
Lists symbols in an object (.o) file. Use "c++filt" or "demangle"
to demangle C++ names.
objdump
Dumps various info from object (.o) files.
size
Displays sizes of sections of a .o or .a file.
cscope
C/C++ source browser. Faster and more powerful than rgrep.
cxxmetric
C/C++ metrics PERL script. Counts lines of code and comments.
ctags
Generates a source code name index for editors to allow jumping from
an identifier's use to its definition.
indent
C code formatter.
nc
netcat utility. Reads and writes data over the network. Good for
testing TCP/IP programs.
oprofile
Profiler.
perror
Converts an error code to text.
cvs
Version control system. Other available version control systems are
RCS (man rcsintro), Subversion (svn), "git", and hg. Each has its
own strengths and weaknesses.
uuidgen
Generates a UUID.
xprop (X)
Gives properties for a window.
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